Positional and non-positional numeral systems. Converting numbers from one numeral system to another. Fixed point and floating point numbers. Computer architecture (software layer). OS and PS. Types of compilers. Program life-cycle. Languages. Language classification. Algorithmic languages. Presenting algorithmic languages using syntax diagrams. Definition of an algorithm, ways to present and construct algorithms. Separating a task into subtasks. Various data types and their representation in a computer. Scalar and structural data types. Static variables. Declaring variables. Converting data from one type to another. Mixed data types. Operator priority. Formatting results. Organizing branches (including several conditions). Iterative statements with condition checking before and after the statement, examples. Global and local variables. Data exchange between various program modules. Declaring and indexing of arrays. Strings as arrays. Multidimensional arrays. Converting a two-dimensional array into a one-dimensional array. Sorting arrays. Calendar.